Abstract: Sib tham txog cov haujlwm ntawm surfactants, xws li ntub dej, tawg, emulsifying, solubilizing, ua npuas ncauj, defoaming, ntxuav thiab tshem tawm, thiab lwm yam, qhia cov kev faib tawm ntawm surfactants, thiab qhia ob peb cov kev ua haujlwm uas nquag siv saum npoo. Thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj ntxuav tes, tshuaj, khoom noj. Cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav ntawm surfactants tau piav qhia.

1. Kev faib tawm ntawm surfactants

Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev los txheeb cais surfactants, uas tau faib raws li lub hauv paus ntawm surfactants. Surfactants feem ntau muab faib ua peb pawg: hluavtaws surfactants, surfactants ntuj thiab biological surfactants.

Cov neeg tshaj lij tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic thiab nonionic raws li hom ions tsim los ntawm pab pawg hydrophilic. Feem ntau siv surfactants, uas nws lub hauv paus hydrophobic yog pab pawg hydrocarbon, kuj tseem yuav muaj cov khoom xws li oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, thiab iodine nyob rau hauv cov molecule, thiab hu ua hydrocarbon surfactants lossis surfactants zoo tib yam. Cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj fluorine, silicon, phosphorus thiab boron hu ua tshwj xeeb surfactants. Cov lus qhia ntawm fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, boron thiab lwm cov ntsiab lus muab rau surfactants ntau qhov tshwj xeeb thiab zoo tshaj plaws. Fluorine-muaj surfactants yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tshwj xeeb surfactants.

2. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm surfactants

(1) Emulsification: Vim tias lub siab nto ntawm cov roj hauv dej, thaum cov roj hauv dej mus rau hauv dej, nplawm kom zoo, cov roj tau tawg rau hauv cov hlaws zoo thiab sib xyaw ua emulsion, tab sis cov nplawm nres thiab rov ua kom rov ua dua. txheej. Yog tias koj ntxiv surfactant thiab do nquag, nws yuav tsis yooj yim cais tawm ntev heev tom qab tsum, uas yog emulsification. Qhov laj thawj yog vim tias cov roj hydrophobicity yog ib puag ncig los ntawm hydrophilic pawg ntawm cov neeg sawv cev nquag, tsim cov kev taw qhia kom zoo, txo cov haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau ua rau roj dispersion hauv dej, thiab ua rau cov roj zoo emulsified. Rau

(2) Wetting effect: Feem ntau muaj txheej txheej ntawm cov ciab, roj lossis cov khoom tawg yog txuas rau saum npoo ntawm ib feem, uas yog hydrophobic. Vim tias cov pa phem ntawm cov tshuaj no, saum npoo ntawm qhov tsis yooj yim kom ntub ntawm dej. Thaum surfactants ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tov aqueous, cov dej ntws tawm ntawm qhov chaw tau yooj yim tawg, uas zoo heev txo qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom thiab ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntub dej. Rau

(3) Solubilization: oily tshuaj tuaj yeem "yaj" tom qab ntxiv surfactants, tab sis qhov kev tshem tawm no tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum lub siab ntawm surfactant mus txog qhov tseem ceeb concentration ntawm lub colloid. Lub solubility yog ua raws li cov solubilization yam thiab Nws nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Hais txog solubilization, ntev hydrophobic gene hydrocarbon saw yog muaj zog tshaj li cov luv luv hydrocarbon saw, cov kab uas muaj hydrocarbon muaj zog tshaj qhov tsis muaj hydrocarbon saw, thiab cov nyhuv solubilization ntawm nonionic surfactants feem ntau tseem ceeb. Rau

(4) Cov tawg yooj yim: cov khoom tawg yooj yim xws li cov hmoov av thiab cov plua plav yooj yim rau kev sib sau ua ke, thiab lawv tau yooj yim los khom hauv dej. Cov lwg me me ntawm surfactants tuaj yeem faib cov khoom tawg yooj yim sib xyaw ua ke kom zoo rau cov nplua nplua, uas tau tawg thiab muab ncua hauv kev daws. Ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa cov teeb meem sib cais ntawm cov khoom tawg. (5) Ua npuas dej nyhuv: kev tsim cov npuas dej yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev tshaj tawm adsorption ntawm tus neeg sawv cev nquag, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov txo qis ntawm qhov nro ntawm cov roj thiab kua theem. Feem ntau, cov neeg ua hauj-hnyav-molecular-hnyav cov neeg ua hauj lwm yog yooj yim ua npuas ncauj, cov khoom lag luam siab-molecular-nyhav ua npuas ncauj muaj tsawg dua ua npuas ncauj, myristic acid daj muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws foaming, thiab sodium stearate muaj qhov tsis zoo foaming. Anionic cov neeg sawv cev muaj cov khoom zoo thiab zoo ua npuas dej zoo dua li tsis-ionic. Piv txwv, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate muaj cov khoom ua muaj zog foaming. Cov khoom siv ua npuas ua npuas khov kho muaj xws li cov roj ntsha pab yaj, carboxymethyl cellulose, thiab lwm yam.

3 Ntawv thov ntawm Surfactant

Daim ntawv thov ntawm surfactants tuaj yeem muab faib ua civil thiab industrial applications. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv, ob feem peb ntawm cov pej xeem surfactants siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej; hluavtaws xab npum yog ib qho ntawm cov lag luam loj tshaj plaws rau surfactants. Cov khoom lag luam suav nrog ntxuav cov hmoov, kua xab npum, tshuaj ntxuav tais diav thiab ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Cov tshuaj ntxuav thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej xws li: tshuaj zawv plaub hau, dej txias, tshuaj pleev ib ce, plaub hau gel, tshuaj pleev ib ce, toner, tshuaj ntxuav ntsej muag thiab lwm yam. Nws daim teb thov suav nrog kev lag luam textile, kev lag luam hlau, pleev xim, xim, kev lag luam xim, kev lag luam yas yas, kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus, kev lag luam ntawv, tawv kev lag luam, kev tshawb nrhiav roj av, kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam, kev lag luam mining, kev lag luam muaj zog, thiab lwm yam Ntau yam tau piav hauv qab no Cov.

3.1.1 Surfactant hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce

Cov kws tshaj lij yog siv dav hauv ntau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce xws li emulsifiers, penetrant, detergents, softeners, ntub cov neeg sawv cev, cov kab mob, dispersants, solubilizers, antistatic tus neeg sawv cev, plaub hau xim, thiab lwm yam. Non-ionic surfactants feem ntau siv hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce vim tias lawv tsis ua kom tawv ncauj thiab yog yooj yim tshaj nrog rau lwm cov khoom siv. Feem ntau, lawv yog cov fatty acid esters thiab polyethers.

3.1.2 Cov cai ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce rau surfactants

Cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce formulations muaj ntau yam thiab ua. Ntxiv nrog rau cov roj thiab dej raw cov ntaub ntawv, tseem muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm surfactants, tshuaj txuag, tsw thiab xim, thiab lwm yam, uas yog koom nrog ntau-theem dispersion system. Nrog ntau thiab ntau dua cov tshuaj pleev ib ce formulations thiab ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua, ntau yam surfactants siv hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yog tseem nce. Cov neeg siv tshuaj pleev ib ce hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce yuav tsum tsis muaj kev ua kom tawv nqaij, tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau lub cev, thiab tseem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj qhov tsis hnov ​​tsw thiab muaj kev cia siab.

3.2 Kev siv surfactants hauv xab npum

Cov kws tshaj lij muaj qhov ua kom huv thiab tua kab mob, thiab tau ntev dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ntxuav tu khoom. Surfactant yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhua khaub ncaws. Nws cuam tshuam nrog cov av thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov av thiab cov khoom ua kom nto (xws li ntub dej, permeating, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing, foaming, thiab lwm yam) thiab siv kom zoo dua ntawm Mechanical nplawm tau txais cov nyhuv ntxhua. Qhov feem ntau siv thiab siv dav yog anionic thiab nonionic surfactants. Cationic thiab amphoteric surfactants tsuas yog siv hauv kev tsim qee hom tshwj xeeb thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev tu lub xab npum. Cov hom tseem ceeb yog LAS (xa mus rau alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (rog cawv polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid ntsev), AOS (al-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, rog acid diethanolamine, amino acid yam, hom betaine, thiab lwm yam.

3.3 Kev thov surfactants hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus

3.3.1 Cov Khoom Noj emulsifiers thiab Cov thickeners Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm surfactants hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus yog ua raws li emulsifiers thiab thickeners. Phospholipids yog qhov feem ntau siv cov emulsifiers thiab stabilizers. Ntxiv rau phospholipids, feem ntau siv emulsifiers yog fatty acid glycerides S, feem ntau monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, taum pauv phospholipids, pos hniav arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin thiab qe qe. lwm yam Thickeners raug muab faib ua ob pawg: ntuj thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Cov tuab tuab muaj xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov pos hniav arabic, gar ntawm cov pos hniav, carrageenan, pectin, agar, thiab alginic acid ua los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov seaweeds. Kuj tseem muaj gelatin, casein thiab sodium caseinate ua los ntawm cov protein uas muaj tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag. Thiab xanthan ntawm cov pos hniav ua los ntawm cov kab mob me me. Cov tshuaj siv hluavtaws tuab feem ntau yog sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid thiab sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose thiab polyacrylic acid Sodium thiab lwm yam.

3.3.2 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuaj Rhamnose esters muaj qee yam muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tua ntshav muaj mycoplasma. Sucrose esters tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov kab mob me me, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob ua spore-Gram-positive.

3.3.3 Cov khoom noj khoom noj khoom haus tawg, cov khoom txau ua npuas, thiab lwm yam ntxiv rau siv los ua emulsifiers thiab cov tuab hauv cov zaub mov, surfactants tseem tuaj yeem siv ua dispersants, ntub cov neeg sawv cev, tus neeg ua npuas ncauj, tus tiv thaiv kab mob, kab mob kev tiv thaiv kab mob, kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom lub sijhawm txuag zaub mov ntev. Cov. Piv txwv li, ntxiv 0.2-0.3% kua phospholipids thaum granulating cov mis hmoov tag nrho tuaj yeem txhim kho nws cov hydrophilicity thiab dispersibility, thiab nws tuaj yeem yaj sai tsis muaj agglomeration thaum npaj. Thaum ua cov khoom qab zib thiab mis nyuj khov, ntxiv cov glycerol fatty acid thiab sucrose rog tuaj yeem muaj cov nyhuv ua npuas ncauj, uas yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim ntau ntawm cov npuas. Hauv kev tsim cov mis ua kua thiab cov khoom ua kua, ntxiv glycerol fatty acid muaj qhov ua kom tsis zoo.

3.3.4 Cov ntawv thov hauv kev rho tawm thiab sib cais ntawm cov xim muaj hlau, cov tshuaj tsw qab, cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab cov khoom sib xyaw

Xyoo tsis ntev los no, surfactants tseem tau siv dav hauv kev rho tawm thiab sib cais ntawm cov khoom xyaw ntuj hauv cov khoom noj xws li cov xim, cov khoom noj tsw qab, cov khoom siv roj ntsha kev ua ub ua no thiab cov khoom lag luam fermented.

3.4 Daim ntawv thov surfactants hauv tshuaj kho mob

Cov kws tshaj lij muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ntub dej, emulsifying, solubilizing, thiab lwm yam, yog li lawv tau siv dav ua cov kws tshaj lij tshuaj, tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luam microemulsion thev naus laus zis uas tau tsim xyoo tas los. Hauv kev sib txuas tshuaj, surfactants tuaj yeem siv raws li theem hloov catalysts, uas tuaj yeem hloov cov degree ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm ions, yog li ua kom cov reactivity ntawm ions, ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua haujlwm heterogeneous, thiab zoo heev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm. Surfactants feem ntau yog siv los ua solubilizers thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv kev tsom xam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv cov tshuaj fluorescence spectroscopy. Hais txog ntawm daim tawv nqaij ua kom lub cev tsis zoo, lub qhov txhab lossis cov nqaij mos ua rau lub plab tsis zoo, ntsuas qhov tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob ib puag ncig ua ntej kev phais mob hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, surfactants tuaj yeem sib cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob biofilm protein kom tsis kam lossis poob lawv txoj haujlwm, thiab siv los ua cov kab mob thiab tshuaj tua kab mob tau siv dav.

4. Kev tsim kho ntawm surfactants

Cov kev taw qhia kev loj hlob ntawm surfactants yuav raug nthuav tawm hauv lub hauv qab no:

4.1 Rov qab mus rau qhov xwm txheej;

4.2 Hloov cov tshuaj phom sij;

4.3 Ntxuav thiab siv nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub;

4.4 Siv rau hauv cov dej tawv tawv uas tsis muaj cov tshuaj ntxiv;

4.5 Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig uas tuaj yeem kho cov kua dej, cov dej khib nyiab, hmoov av, thiab lwm yam;

4.6 Cov pa hluav taws xob zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj roj, cov roj av thiab ntau lawm;

4.7 Ntau Txoj Haujlwm Kev Ua Haujlwm;

4.8 Cov neeg sawv cev npaj los ntawm kev lag luam lossis chaw pov tseg hauv nroog raws li kev siv xyoob ntoo;

4.9 Rov qab siv High-efficiency surfactant nrog cov nyhuv synergistic tsim los ntawm kev tsim tshuab.