1. Kws tshaj lij

Muaj ntau ntau yam surfactants. Raws li lawv cov khoom tawm, lawv yog: anionic 56%, tsis-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, thiab cation 3%.

2. Kev Tshaj Tawm Rau Anionic

2.1 Anionic surfactant sulfonate. Feem ntau siv rau hauv hom no yog sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate thiab sodium al-alkenyl sulfonate. Sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, tseem hu ua LAS lossis ABS, yog cov hmoov dawb lossis lub teeb daj ua daj lossis ua kom tawv, cov dej hauv cov dej, txawm hais tias nws muaj cov dej tsis zoo solubility ntawm qhov kub tsawg dua, thiab nws cov solubility hauv dej ntawm chav tsev kub yog qis dua 3. Tab sis nws muaj solubility zoo nyob rau hauv qhov sib xyaw surfactant system.

Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate tseem hu ua AOS. Thaum cov ntsiab lus nquag yog 38% -40%, qhov tsos yog daj pob tshab kua, uas yooj yim soluble hauv dej. Nws muaj cov stability zoo nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm pH qhov tseem ceeb. Nws muaj me me ua kom tawv nqaij thiab muaj qhov hloov kho cov mob microbial kom tsawg 100%. Ntawm lawv, LAS feem ntau tsis siv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, thiab tsis tshua muaj siv rau hauv dej ua kua. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab cov xab npum (tableware kua tshuaj pleev). LAS nyob rau hauv xab npum tuaj yeem txog kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho surfactant, thiab qhov tseeb hloov kho ntawm cov feem ntawm LA hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav dej rau khaub ncaws yog qhov dav heev.

AOS muaj kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom sulfonate. Nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov sulfonates dav dav lossis nws cov txiaj ntsig tau nce siab dua, tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cov sulfonates feem ntau. AOS yog ib lub ntsiab surfactants uas nquag siv hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau thiab kua dej. Daim ntawv thov hauv lwm cov kua tshuaj ntxuav tawm yuav maj mam nce ntxiv nrog cov kev paub txog cov khoom hauv cheeb tsam (txo tus nqi). Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm AOS yog kev ruaj khov zoo, dej zoo solubility, zoo sib xws, tsis tshua mob voos, thiab zoo tagnrho microbial kev puas tsuaj; qhov tsis zoo yog tias tus nqi yog qhov ntau kim ntawm cov tshuaj anionic surfactants.

2.2 Anionic surfactant sulfate

Cov neeg sawv cev nquag ua haujlwm yog cov rog cawv polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate thiab sodium lauryl sulfate. Cov rog cawv polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate yog alias AES, cawv ether sodium sulfate. Nws yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej, qhov tsos yog lub teeb daj ua kua (txhais ua kua) thaum cov ntsiab lus nquag yog 70%, thiab kev ruaj khov qis dua rau cov sulfonates dav dav. Nws yog hydrolyzed sai sai hauv qab pH4, tab sis muaj qhov zoo hydrolytic stability nyob rau hauv alkaline ib puag ncig.

Sodium lauryl sulfate tseem muaj npe hu ua AS, K12, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, tus neeg sawv cev ua npuas dej. Nws yog soluble hauv dej, thiab solubility hauv dej ntawm 25 ° C yog li 15, tab sis qhov dej ntawm solubility yog qis dua rau AES. Nws tsis rhiab rau alkali thiab dej nyuaj, tab sis qhov kev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub huab cua zoo dua qis dua rau cov tshuaj sulfonate, ze rau AES, cov cua kub ntev ntev yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 95 ℃, kev voos yog nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm surfactant, 10% kev daws teeb meem voos 3.3, siab Dua AES, qis dua LAS.

AES tuaj yeem siv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, kua dej da dej, kua tshuaj ntxuav tais diav (ntxuav tais diav kua), thiab kua tshuaj ntxuav rau khaub ncaws. Hauv daim ntawv thov, yog tias tus nqi pH zoo li qhov ua tau zoo tso cai, pH tus nqi yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo li sai tau, xws li nruab nrab lossis alkaline. Thaum AES yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv qis pH tej yam kev mob (hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau), nws cov ntsev ethanolamine feem ntau siv. Cov dej solubility ntawm AES yog qhov zoo dua li ntawm AS; nws tuaj yeem npaj rau hauv ib qho kev faib ua pob tshab ntawm cov kua aqueous ntawm chav sov. AES tsis yog siv ntau dua hauv cov kua tshuaj ntxuav dua LAS, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev sib raug zoo dua; nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau surfactants hauv binary lossis ntau cov kev sib txuas los tsim cov pob tshab kua. Ntawm cov hluavtaws surfactants, AES Qib thib peb hauv kev tsim tawm, thiab tus nqi qis dua li ntawm AS. Hauv xyoo 2002, 70% AES raug muag ntawm 8,500 yuan / t. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm AES yog kev khaus khaus qis, zoo dej solubility, zoo sib xws, thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv cov tawv nqaij ua kom tawv nqaij thiab zoo nkauj; qhov tsis zoo yog tias qhov kev ruaj khov nyob rau hauv acidic xov xwm yog me ntsis tsis zoo-lub pH yuav tsum raug tswj hwm yuav tsum muaj ntau dua 4, thiab cov xab npum zoo dua rau LAS, AS.

AS yog siv rau hauv cov kua tshuaj ntxuav tawm, them rau pH nruab nrab mob-acidity tsis siab dhau; lub ethanolamine ntsev los yog ntsev ammonium yuav tsum siv cov tshuaj zawv plaub hau; lub ethanolamine ntsev lossis ntsev ammonium feem ntau siv hauv cov kua dej da dej. Siv nws cov ethanolamine ntsev tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog ua kom cov kua qaub ua kom lub zog ruaj khov, tab sis kuj tseem pab txo kev voos. 10% triethanolamine ntsev stimulation index 3.0. Daim ntawv thov zaus ntawm AS hauv cov kua tshuaj ntxuav tais diav muaj tsawg, thiab nws tsis tshua muaj siv los ua cov ntsiab surfactant, uas yog, tus nqi ntawm cov mis yog me me. Lub ntsiab yog vim tias nws tsis zoo ua kom txo nqi khoom. Thib ob, hom khoom no muaj yuav luag tsis muaj qhov xav tau rau lub tshuab npuas. AS Qib No. 5 hauv kev tsim cov khoom cua surfactants, thiab tus nqi kuj sib piv. Xyoo 2002, tus nqi hmoov yog 15,000 yuan / t. Tsuas yog ua zoo rau cov ua npuas ncauj thiab muaj zog xab npum, AS tsis zoo li AES hauv lwm yam. Piv txwv li, acid tsis kam thiab kev nyob ruaj khov yog me ntsis zuj zus, thiab qhov kev ua kom tsis haum loj kuj loj dua - tsuas yog tsawg dua li LAS, thiab tus nqi yog qhov ntau tshaj ntawm cov kev muaj zog anionic surfactants.

3. Nonionic Surfactant

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsis-ionic surfactants yog alkyl cawv amides (FFA), rog cawv polyoxyethylene ethers (AE), alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE lossis OP). Cov-ionic surfactants muaj solubilization zoo, ntxuav, antistatic, tsis tshua muaj voos, calcium xab npum dispersion, thiab lwm yam.; pH siv tau ntau yam yog qhov dav dua li feem ntau ionic surfactants; nws tshem tawm cov plua av thiab foaming zog. , Lwm yam khoom feem ntau zoo dua li cov qauv siv hluav taws xob dav dav. Cov kev sim pom qhia ntxiv tias ntxiv me me ntawm cov tsis-ionic surfactants rau ionic surfactants tuaj yeem ua rau kom cov haujlwm sab nraud ntawm qhov system-piv nrog cov qub ntsiab lus.

Alkyl cawv cov tso cai yog cov chav kawm uas tsis muaj cov ionic surfactants muaj kev ua haujlwm siab dua, kev siv ntau yam thiab kev ua haujlwm siab siv. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv ntau yam ua kua xab npum. Alkyl cawv feem ntau siv cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb hauv cov kua tshuaj ntxuav yog "2: 1 amide" thiab "1.5: 1 amide", thiab "1: 1 amide" kuj tseem siv tau. Peb qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb no muaj kev ua yeeb yam sib txawv raws li dej solubility thiab ua tuab tuab. Feem ntau hais lus, "1.5: 1 amide" yog qhov hnyav ntau, thiab nws feem ntau yog siv tshuaj ntxuav tes. Feem ntau, "1: 1 amide" yog siv ua ke nrog lwm cov dej-soluble surfactants kom yaj tau yooj yim. Alkyl cawv amides yog qhov tsim nyog rau alkaline xab npum, thiab tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob acidic. Alkyl cawv amide yog ib qho ntawm pheej yig tshaj plaws tsis muaj-ionic surfactants, tus nqi hauv xyoo 2002 yog 7,800 yuan / t. Alkyl cawv cov cawv feem ntau yog siv ntau dua hauv cov kua xab npum ntau dua li cov roj cawv cawv polyoxyethylene cawv. Cov tshuaj tsis ua rau siv tshuaj zawv plaub hau feem ntau alkyl haus cawv haus cawv. Cov laj thawj yuav yog: FFA kev ua haujlwm zoo dua tau zoo dua lossis ntau dua AE; FFA cov khoom tsis tshua kim npaum li AE; FFA solubility zoo dua AE; FFA cov cuab yeej txau zog zoo dua li AE.

4. Zwitterionic surfactants

Amphoteric surfactants xa mus rau surfactants nrog ob qho tib si anionic thiab cationic hydrophilic pawg, yog li cov surfactant no yog cationic hauv cov kua qaub, anionic hauv kev daws teeb meem, thiab zoo sib xws hauv kev daws teeb meem tsis-ionic xwm. Amphoteric surfactants yog yooj yim soluble hauv dej, soluble hauv concentrated acid thiab alkali cov kev daws teeb meem, thiab tuaj yeem yaj nyob hauv cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib xyaw ntsev. Lawv muaj cov dej zoo tiv thaiv tsis zoo, ua kom tawv nqaij tsis zoo, ua kom cov ntaub mos muag zoo, thiab cov khoom ua kom zoo. Zoo, muaj cov nyhuv bactericidal zoo, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ntau yam surfactants.

Cov khoom zoo li no tuaj yeem siv dav hauv pH ntau, tab sis los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov sib xyaw ionic lub xeev sib txawv acid-puag nruab nrab cov neeg mob, qhov ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv acidic thiab tsis mob nruab nrab yuav tsum zoo dua li uas nyob hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob. Feem ntau hais lus, tus nqi ntawm zwitterionic surfactants yog siab dua tus nqi ntawm nonionic surfactants.

Cov amphoteric surfactant tseem ceeb muaj xws li dodecyl dimethyl betaine, carboxylate hom imidazoline thiab lwm yam. Piv nrog anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants muaj ntau cov kev ua tau zoo dua thiab tsawg dua qhov tsis xws luag - tsuas yog ntxuav thiab ua npuas ncauj tsis zoo; piv nrog nonionic surfactants, qee lub zog ntawm amphoteric surfactants zoo dua, Lwm qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis poob qab. Amphoteric surfactants muaj peev xwm zoo dua kev ua tau zoo tshaj dav dav nonionic surfactants - tsis zoo lub peev xwm ntawm AE; zoo dua kab mob5. Cationic surfactant

Cov hom cationic surfactant ntau yam suav nrog cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar pos hniav (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic Silicone roj, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) thiab lwm yam. Cationic surfactants txawv ntawm lwm surfactants. Lawv muaj lub cev tsis zoo thiab muaj lub zog tsis zoo, thiab feem ntau muaj qee qhov ua rau muaj kuab lom (tsawg).

Cationic surfactants yog siv los ua ke-surfactants nyob rau hauv cov kua xab npum - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv txias nrog cov mis me; Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom lag luam siab, feem ntau siv tshuaj zawv plaub hau. Cationic surfactants tsis ncaj qha nrog anionic surfactants. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cations thiab anions tuaj yeem tsim cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo, tab sis qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm nag lossis daus (crystallization) yog ntau dua.

Muaj ntau ntau hom cationic surfactants siv hauv tshuaj zawv plaub hau, thiab qhov zaus siv kuj tseem tawg ua ke-siv tsis txhob siv ib lossis ob hom kev sib zog, lawv feem ntau tau tsim rau hauv cov txias. Cationic surfactants muaj cov khoom tso tawm me me hauv surfactants, thiab lawv cov nqi ntau zaus kim dua li lwm hom surfactants. Piv nrog ntau hom surfactants, cationic surfactants muaj qhov pom tseeb muaj kev hloov kho qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj plaws muaj zog; txawm hais tias muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ntxuav tawm tsis zoo, ua npuas dej tsis zoo, ua kom lub ntsej muag tsis zoo, siab khaus, thiab tus nqi siab, lawv yog tus neeg sawv cev huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob ua kua xab npum ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm hom kev ua kom zoo nkauj. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cationic surfactants tsuas yog siv tau los ua tus neeg sawv cev txias cov khoom siv lossis cov kab mob.