1. Cov nyhuv ntub dej

Thaum cov khoom chwv tau nrog cov kua, cov khoom qub / roj thiab kua / roj cuam tshuam ploj thiab qhov khoom tshiab / kua ua tau tsim. Cov txheej txheem no hu ua ntub dej. Piv txwv, textile fiber yog cov khoom siv ntxeem tau nrog cov nplaim loj. Thaum cov kev daws teeb meem kis mus rau hauv lub fiber, nws yuav nkag mus rau qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov fibers thiab tsav tawm huab cua, tig lub qub cua / fiber interface rau hauv ua kua / fiber ntau interface. Nws yog txheej txheem uas ntub dej tas li; thaum cov tshuaj tov yuav nkag mus rau hauv fiber tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem no hu ua kev nkag mus. Cov kws tshaj lij uas pab tau ntub dej thiab nkag mus yog hu ua tus neeg sawv cev ntub dej thiab nkag mus.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification hais txog ob lub kua tsis ua kua (xws li roj thiab dej), ib qho yog tsim los ntawm tusyees dispersing cov hmoov me me (qhov loj 10-8 ~ 10-5m) mus rau lwm qhov kua Lub luag haujlwm ntawm emulsion. Cov roj dej ua rau cov dej tawg nyob hauv dej yog hu ua roj-hauv-dej emulsions (O / W), thiab cov dej ntws tawm ntawm cov roj uas tau ua rau cov roj hu ua dej-hauv-roj emulsions (W / O). Cov kws tshaj lij uas tuaj yeem pab emulsification hu ua emulsifiers. Cov neeg tshaj lij siv ua emulsifiers muaj ob txoj haujlwm: ua kom ruaj khov thiab tiv thaiv.

 

(1) Lub cev ruaj khov

Cov emulsifier muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txo cov kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub cawv kom ruaj khov rau qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke. Qhov no yog vim tias thaum cov roj (lossis dej) raug xa mus ua ntau cov khoom me me hauv dej (lossis roj), thaj chaw sib chwv ntawm lawv tau loj, uas ua rau muaj qhov nce ntawm lub zog ntawm lub zog thiab lub xeev tsis ruaj khov. Thaum cov emulsifier ntxiv, cov pab pawg lipophilic ntawm cov emulsifier molecule yog adsorbed nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov roj tso tawm roj thaum cov pab pawg hydrophilic txuas mus rau hauv dej, thiab ua kom sib haum nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov roj tawm los ua cov kua roj hydrophilic molecular, uas txo cov roj / dej interfacial tsis sib haum, Uas txo qis zog ntawm lub zog thiab ua kom tsis txhob pom qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov roj ntws, tiv thaiv cov roj mob los ntawm kev tso thiab rov faib ua ob txheej.

(2) Kev Tiv Thaiv

Lub yeeb yaj kiab molecular zaj duab xis ua los ntawm surfactant nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov kua roj yog qhov muaj zog tiv thaiv zaj duab xis uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov roj mob ntawm kev sib tsoo thiab sib sau ua ke. Yog tias nws yog zaj yeeb yaj kiab qhia txog molecular tsim los ntawm ib qho ionic surfactant, cov roj tawm ntawm cov roj los tseem yuav raug them nrog tib yam nqi, uas yuav ua rau kom qhov kev sib nrig tsis sib luag thiab tiv thaiv cov roj mob los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntau zaus.

 

3. Ntxuav cov nyhuv ua kom tsis haum

Vim cov nyhuv emulsification ntawm surfactant, cov roj thiab cov av tawm ntawm cov khoom nto tuaj yeem ruaj khov kho thiab tawg rau hauv cov kua aqueous, thiab yuav tsis tso nyiaj rau ntawm qhov chaw huv kom tsim rov kis dua.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshem tawm cov kua roj tawm ntawm cov nplaim yog piav rau hauv qab no los qhia txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm surfactants. Cov roj ua roj ua kom zoo nkauj qub tau tawg rau ntawm qhov chaw. Thaum surfactants ntxiv, vim nws qhov tsis tshua muaj qhov kub ntawm cov kua, surfactant aqueous daws sai sai rau ntawm qhov chaw tawv thiab wets cov khib nyiab, thiab maj mam hloov cov roj stains. Cov roj stains kis rau ntawm cov khoom nto maj mam maj mam dhau mus ua cov roj ntws (lub kaum sab xis tiv tauj maj mam nce zuj zus, hloov los ntawm cov nplaim dej mus rau cov tsis ntub).

 

4.suspension dispersion

Cov txheej txheem ntawm dispersing insoluble cov khib nyiab rau hauv kev daws nrog qhov ntau me me los tsim kev ncua yog hu ua kev tawg. Cov surfactant uas txhawb nqa cov kev tawg ntawm cov khib nyiab thiab daim ntawv ruaj khov qhov kev ncua yog hu ua kev tawg. Qhov tseeb, thaum cov roj ib nrab yog emulsified thiab dispersed nyob hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem, nws yog qhov nyuaj kom paub meej tias qee qhov txheej txheem emulsification lossis dispersion, thiab emulsifier thiab dispersant feem ntau yog cov khoom qub, yog li muab tso rau ob qho ua ke hauv kev siv tiag. Emulsifying thiab dispersing tus neeg sawv cev.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua ntawm cov khoom siv cais tawm yog ib txwm zoo tib yam nkaus li ntawm emulsifiers. Qhov txawv yog tias cov khoom tawg tau tawg feem ntau tsis ruaj khov dua li cov dej ntws tawm emulsified.

 

5.foaming nyhuv

Lub xeev cov pa roj uas tau tawg ua kua hu ua npuas. Yog tias qee qhov kua ua kom yooj yim los ua ib zaj duab xis thiab tsis yooj yim tawg, cov kua yuav ua npuas ntau thaum nws nplawm. Tom qab cov npuas dej tsim tawm, qhov roj / kua hauv cheeb tsam hauv qhov system tau nce siab ntxiv, ua rau cov kab ke tsis ruaj khov, yog li cov npuas dej tau yooj yim kom tawg. Thaum lub surfactant ntxiv rau qhov kev daws teeb meem, surfactant lwg me me yog adsorbed ntawm cov roj / kua interface, uas tsis tsuas yog txo cov nplaim hluav taws xob ntawm cov pa / kua theem, tab sis kuj tsim monomolecular zaj duab xis nrog qee yam muaj zog ua kom cov npuas dej nyuaj tawg.

Surfactant aqueous ntsiab muaj ntau qib ntawm cov nyhuv foaming. Feem ntau, anionic surfactants muaj cov khoom ua muaj zog foaming, thaum nonionic surfactants muaj cov khoom ua npuas tsis muaj zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv saum toj no huab taw tes.

Vim tias ua npuas dej saum npoo muaj cov adsorption zoo rau cov av, lub sijhawm ntawm kev ntxuav tau zoo tuaj, thiab nws tseem tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov av tawm ntawm kev xa rov qab rau saum npoo. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg ib txwm xav tias xab npum nrog zoo foaming muaj zog muaj peev xwm ua kom tau zoo. Yog li, ntau cov kua tshuaj ntxuav tawm yuav txo qhov siab ntawm lub dav hlau twj tso kua mis thiab tsis yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev yaug. Yog li no, hom qis-ua npuas tsis-ionic yuav tsum siv qhov no. Tub Yaj.

 

6.solubilization

Solubilization yog hais txog cov nyhuv ntawm surfactants kom nce solubility ntawm soluble tsis zoo lossis cov tshuaj tsis haum rau hauv dej. Piv txwv, kev solubility ntawm benzene hauv dej yog 0.09% (ntim feem). Yog tias surfactants (xws li sodium oleate) ntxiv, solubility ntawm benzene Nws tuaj yeem nce ntxiv txog 10%.

Cov txiaj ntsig solubilization yog sib cais los ntawm micelles tsim los ntawm surfactants hauv dej. Micelles yog micelles tsim los ntawm cov txuas hydrocarbon hauv surfactant lwg me me txav mus nyob ze ua ke nyob rau hauv cov kua aqueous vim hydrophobic kev sib cuam tshuam. Sab hauv ntawm lub micelle yog qhov ua tau ua kua dej uas tsis muaj kua, yog li cov dej uas tsis muaj lub cev rau cov organic xws li benzene thiab cov roj ntxhia uas tsis muaj ntxhiab nyob hauv dej yog yooj yim rau yaj hauv micelle. Solubilization yog txheej txheem ntawm micelles dissolving lipophilic tshuaj. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm ntawm surfactants. Yog li no, tsuas yog thaum lub ntsiab ntawm surfactant hauv kev daws yog saum toj qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration, muaj ntau qhov micelles ntau hauv cov tshuaj. Kev daws teeb meem tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm, thiab qhov loj dua micelle ntim, ntau dua qhov muaj peev xwm solubilization.

Solubilization txawv ntawm emulsification. Emulsification yog qhov ua tsis tiav thiab tsis ruaj khov ntau theem uas tau los ntawm dispersing ib theem ua kua rau hauv dej (lossis lwm theem ua kua), thaum solubilization qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem thiab cov tshuaj solubilized nyob hauv tib-theem homogeneous thiab ruaj khov system hauv ib theem. Qee lub sij hawm tib lub surfactant muaj ob qho tib si emulsification thiab solubilization cuam tshuam, tab sis tsuas yog thaum nws cov concentration dhau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb micelle concentration nws tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam solubilization.

 

7.soft thiab du

Thaum lub surfactant lwg me me mus raws li qhov chaw ntawm ntaub, qhov txheeb ze zoo li qub kev sib txhuam coefficient ntawm cov ntaub yuav raug txo kom tsawg. Xws li linear alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, linear alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether thiab lwm yam nonionic surfactants thiab ntau hom cationic surfactants muaj cov nyhuv ntawm txo cov kev sib txhuam zoo li qub ntawm cov ntaub, yog li nws tuaj yeem siv ua cov ntaub mos muag. Cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov ceg ua muaj roj lossis cov tshuaj tsw qab tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov kev coj ua zoo nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub, yog li lawv tsis tsim rau siv los ua cov ntaub mos muag.

 

8.Antistatic nyhuv

Qee yam anionic surfactants thiab quaternary ammonium ntsev cationic surfactants yog yooj yim kom nqus dej thiab tsim cov txheej txheem conductive nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov ntaub, yog li lawv muaj cov teebmeem antistatic thiab siv los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv antistatic rau cov tshuaj fiber fiber.9. bactericidal siv

Cov kab mob ammonium Quaternary muaj cov khoom ntawm cov sib txuas ionic. Lawv tau yooj yim soluble hauv dej tab sis tsis nyob hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsis-ncov qaumteb qabteb, thiab muaj lub zog ruaj khov tshuaj. Lub tshuab ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kab mob no feem ntau yog los ntawm electrostatic quab yuam, hydrogen sib txuas lub zog thiab hydrophobic kev khi ntawm surfactant molecules thiab protein molecules, thiab lwm yam, kom adsorb tsis zoo them cov kab mob thiab ua rau lawv sib sau ua ke ntawm phab ntsa, ua rau lysis thiab ntau lawm Cov. Chav hloov kev cuam tshuam ua rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ua rau inhibited thiab tuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov pab pawg hydrophobic alkyl tuaj yeem sib cuam tshuam nrog hydrophilic pawg ntawm cov kab mob kom hloov permeability ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab tom qab ntawd yauv mus ua lysis, rhuav tshem cov qauv ntawm tes, thiab ua rau cov cell ploj thiab tuag. Cov tshuaj fungicides no muaj qhov ua tau zoo, tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsis muaj tsub zuj zuj, lom mus rau ntses, tsis yooj yim los ntawm pH pauv hloov, yooj yim siv, muaj cov tawv zoo ntawm cov hnoos qeev txheej, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, tawg thiab corrosion inhibition Ua haujlwm zoo thiab lwm yam ntxwv.

Txij li thaum pom ntawm cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm cationic surfactants nyob rau xyoo 1935, 4 mus rau 6 tiam quaternary ammonium ntsev cov khoom siv tua kab mob tau tsim los txog tam sim no. Thawj tiam yog alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, thiab lwm yam.; lub cim thib ob yog thawj tiam kev tsim tawm, uas yog nqa tawm ntawm benzene nplhaib lossis quaternary nitrogen ntawm quaternary ammonium ntsev Tau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov tshuaj: cov cim thib peb yog dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, xws li didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, thiab lwm yam; lub cim thib plaub yog cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov thawj thiab thiab peb tiam; Hloov raws li ob chav quaternary ammonium ntsev xws li: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), lawv muaj npe rau gemini lossis dimer hom surfactants.

Cov kab mob ammonium ntawm quaternary tsis tsuas yog muaj cov kab mob bactericidal, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov tawv ntoo uas muaj zog ntawm cov hlais. Nws tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob sulfate-txo cov kab mob uas loj hlob hauv qab qhov qeeb. Nws kuj muaj qhov txhim kho corrosion-inhibiting thiab synergistic thaum siv nrog lwm tus neeg sawv cev. Cov neeg nquag yog 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (kaum plaub Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chlorom, tetrade thiab lwm yam.